Understanding CBT, DBT, and ACT: The Key Differences Between Popular Therapy Modalities
November 11, 2025
When someone begins therapy, they’re often looking for support, guidance, and tools to move toward a healthier version of themselves. But change isn’t always straightforward. Many people struggle with ambivalence—wanting to change and resisting it simultaneously. This is where motivational interviewing becomes especially powerful. If you’ve ever wondered what motivational interviewing is or how it works, this guide provides a clear and approachable overview to help you understand its purpose, principles, and most common applications.
What Is Motivational Interviewing?
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative, client-centered therapeutic approach designed to help people explore their ambivalence toward change and strengthen their internal motivation. Rather than telling a person what to do, MI empowers them to identify their own reasons for change and builds confidence in their ability to move forward.
Developed by clinical psychologists William Miller and Stephen Rollnick, MI is rooted in empathy, respect, and partnership. It can be used as a standalone therapy or combined with other modalities like CBT or DBT. At its core, MI is about motivational interviewing, helping people change by encouraging individuals to reflect, clarify their values, and make decisions that align with their goals.
Motivational Interviewing Principles
To understand why MI is so effective, it helps to look at the foundational motivational interviewing principles that guide the therapeutic process:
1. Express Empathy
Therapists use reflective listening to show understanding and acceptance. This creates a non-judgmental space where clients feel safe sharing their fears, hesitations, and motivations.
2. Develop Discrepancy
People are more likely to change when they see how their current behaviors conflict with their long-term goals or values. MI helps clients identify this gap and understand why change matters to them personally.
3. Roll With Resistance
Instead of confronting or arguing with resistance, therapists gently explore it. Resistance is viewed as a natural response to uncertainty, rather than a barrier. By working with resistance, clients stay engaged and feel respected.
4. Support Self-Efficacy
MI encourages clients to believe in their ability to change. When a person feels capable, their willingness to take action increases significantly.
These principles make motivational interviewing especially useful for individuals who are hesitant, unsure, or feeling stuck.
Motivational Interviewing Techniques
MI incorporates a variety of tools and conversational strategies to guide clients toward insight and readiness for change. Some of the most common motivational interviewing techniques include:
Open-Ended Questions
Rather than yes/no questions, therapists ask questions like “What concerns you most about your current situation?” These prompts encourage deeper reflection.
Affirmations
Therapists acknowledge the client’s strengths, efforts, and resilience, reinforcing their capacity for change.
Reflective Listening
By paraphrasing the client’s thoughts and feelings, therapists show understanding and help clients clarify their internal conflicts.
Summarizing
Therapists periodically summarize the client’s statements to highlight key themes, reinforce progress, and prepare for planning next steps.
Eliciting Change Talk
This technique encourages clients to voice their own motivations, desires, and reasons for change—an essential step toward action.
Together, these techniques form a conversational style that feels supportive, curious, and empowering rather than directive or confrontational.
What Motivational Interviewing Is Used For
Because MI focuses so strongly on ambivalence, it is especially helpful for individuals who recognize the need for change but struggle to take the first step toward it. Common motivational interviewing uses include:
Substance Use Disorders
One of the most well-known applications of MI is in addiction treatment. Many people feel conflicted about stopping substance use even when they know it’s harmful. MI helps them explore this conflict in a compassionate and structured way.
Behavioral Health Concerns
Motivational interviewing is often used to support people managing depression, anxiety or trauma-related stress. When symptoms feel overwhelming, motivation can diminish. MI helps restore a sense of direction and empowerment.
Chronic Health Conditions
Therapists, doctors, and nutritionists use MI to encourage healthier lifestyle choices, improve medication adherence, and promote long-term well-being.
Eating Disorders
For individuals struggling with disordered eating, MI can gently help explore ambivalence around recovery and support readiness for treatment.
Life Transitions
Major changes—such as career shifts, family challenges, or personal growth—can stir up uncertainty. MI supports people in clarifying their values and making intentional choices.
Across these areas, motivational interviewing, which helps people change, stems from meeting clients exactly where they are and helping them move at a pace that feels achievable.
Why Motivational Interviewing Works
Motivational interviewing is effective because it acknowledges a fundamental truth: people are more likely to change when the motivation originates from within. It’s not about pressure or persuasion—it’s about discovering personal meaning, reasons, and hope.
For someone seeking therapy, MI can offer:
- A non-judgmental space to explore challenges
- Clarity around personal goals and values
- Confidence in one’s own decision-making
- A structured, compassionate approach to building momentum
Whether you’re navigating addiction, mental health challenges, health-related behaviors, or major life changes, MI provides a powerful framework for understanding yourself and taking meaningful steps forward.
Motivational interviewing is a valuable therapeutic modality that helps individuals resolve ambivalence, strengthen motivation, and build confidence in their ability to improve their lives. By understanding what motivational interviewing is, its principles, techniques, and uses, those seeking therapy can feel more informed and empowered as they begin their healing journey.
If you’re considering therapy, MI may be an impactful starting point—one that supports you with empathy, respect, and a belief in your capacity for meaningful change.
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